GLOSSARY

Stephen Wyley's "Dictionary of military architecture"

English Term and Definition	Equivalent Terms	Recommended Usage
Blockhouse or Bunker	Blockhaus (French) Usually refers to positions without complete facilities for independent operations) Bunker (German-Dutch) Lehky Objekt (Czech) Light object or bunker Bunkier (Polish) Bunkkeri (Finnish)	In descriptions refering to small positions, that are generally not equipped with full internal facilities for independent operations, the term either Bunker or Blockhouse in any langauge may be used.
Bunker, Pillbox, and Dugout (excavated shelter) (English) All used interchangeably to refer to a reinforced position usually made of concrete. Bunker (German) This can be used for most any type of fortified structure. In technical writings the German military uses specific terms: Stand - used for bunker Schartenstand - bunker that fires forward MG-Schartenstand- MG bunker that fires forward Geschützschartenstand- Gun bunker firing forward Pak-Schartenstand - AT Gun bunker firing forward Kasematte - bunker for flanking fire (also MG-Kasematte, Geschützkasematte, etc.) Also, identified for function Schartenstand fur Lande- und Sturmbwehrgeschütze ohne Nebenraume (embrasured emplacement for assault gun with annex rooms). Stand mit- 3-Schartenturm - bunker with 3 embrasured cloche Befehlsstand - Command Post DUG-OUT (English) (British usage - an underground chamber or passage).	Blockhaus (French) Bunker, Stand, Unterschlupf (German) Dugout or shelter Objektu (Czech) BUNKER (DUTCH) Bunkier, Objeckt (Polish) Any type position Ostrog Forteczny (Polish) Modern term for field fortification which is usually made of concrete, but part of a larger fortified system Bunkkeri (Finnish) Bunker (Norwegian) Bunker, Betongbunker (Swedish) Concrete bunker Värn (Swedish) Bunker made of any type of material	Terms above in all languages are usually used to cover many types of position and are not specific and best used for non-descriptive writing. Recommend using terms properly. SEE: Blockhouse and Bunker , Casemate , and Shelter. PICTURES: Blockhouse Dutch Bunker
Casemate English, refers to a vaulted gun chamber, or a position for guns or a position for artillery and infantry that has full facilities for independent operations	Casemate (French) Refers to a weapons position usually in a structure with unarmed sides earth covered, which are part of a fort or with complete facilities for independent operations; also refers to a gun position Kasematte (German) Refers usually to a bunker that fires to a flank Delostrelecky srub, Pechotno srub (Czech) Artillery casemate, infantry casemate Kazemat (Dutch) Tradytor (Polish) Gun casemate for flanking fire Traditor (Russian) Same as Polish Kasematti (Finnish) Kasematt (Norwegian) Tackta pjasvarn (Swedish)	The term Casemate should be used to refer to any position with weapons embrasures in its walls and designed for independent operations or for an artillery position under concrete. PICTURES: Weapons casemate - Maginot Line Artillery Casemate - Czech gun
Fixed Turret (English) A nonmovable or fixed type of cupola which can be used for observation/and or various types of light weapons. The German term glocke is generally only used when refering to a small observation type Fixed Turret ( TURM-German) The German terms are specific, although not always used in full which causes confusion: Sechsschartenturm- 6 embrasured fixed turret (cloche) Pz- Turm fur Artillerie- Beobachtung - fixed turret (cloche) for artillery observation.    Pz- Turm fur M-19 - Fixed turret for M-19 automatic mortar Kleinstglocke fur Infanterie- Beobachtung - small infantry fixed turret for observaton (only one called a cloche)	Cloche (French) Turm or Glocke (German) Zvon Observation and light weapons Kopule (Czech) Mounted weapons heavier than automatic rifles Klok (Dutch) Kopula pancerna (Polish) Kupu (Finnish) Taarn (Norwegian) Torn and Observationshuvar (Swedish) Fixed fortress armoured observation dome	Recommended term: Cloche PICTURES: French JM (twin machine gun) cloche Smaller German observation cloche
Rifle Pit (English) A small, earth pit for one or two riflemen	Foxhole (British and American English) Schutzenloch (German) Potero (Finnish)
Shelter, Dugout (English) Usually a concrete position for use by troops as a shelter or command post	Abri (French and Belgian) Bunker (German) Schuilkelder (Dutch) Suoja (Finnish) All types of shelters Dugout - Korsu (Finnish) Wood or wood/earthdugout Shelter - Dekningsbunker (Norwegian) Dugout - Dekningsrom (Norwegian) Dugout - Skyddsrom (Swedish) Shelter	The best term would be shelter or abri . Bunker should not be used unless it is more descriptive and dugout should be avoided.
Turret (English) A rotating and sometimes retracting cupola usually for artillery pieces. The term without a description could also simply mean a tower	Coupole, Coupole tournante, Tourelle (French) Non-retracting turrets PZ- Drehturm (German) Rotating turret Otocna vez (Czech) Draaikoepel (Dutch) Rotating turret Hefkopel (Dutch) Retracting and rotating turret Torre (Italian) Wiezyczka, Wieza pancerna, Wieza pancerna obrotowa, or Kopula obrotowa (Polish) Torni (Finnish) Taarn (Norwegian) Torn and Lystorn (Swedish) Non-retracting fortress searchlight turret	When using this term it should only be applied to rotating cupolas in modern fortifications. The term cupola should be avoided when making detailed descriptions PICTURES: MG turret French 75-mm gun turret Castle turrets French turret from FT Tank
Weapons Pit (English) Usually larger than a Rifle Pit, and may also include a sandbag parapet surrounding it. These positions were usually for a mortar or machine gun and sometimes called mortar pit or machine gun pits.	Peske (Finnish) Ex. KONEKIVRIPESKE=machine gun pit	Weapons Pit
Trench (English)	Loopgraaf or Loopgracht (Dutch) Tranchée (French)